Throughout the paper, these are numbered in sequential order ( 14.19). To cite a source, a small superscript (raised) number is placed after each quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Endnotes are placed just before the bibliography at the end of a paper.Footnotes are found at the bottom of a page.Check with your instructor to find out which note style they prefer. In Chicago notes/bibliography style, use footnotes or endnotes to cite quotations, paraphrases, and summaries of sources ( 14.19, 14.20, 14.22- 14.60). Citing in-text using footnotes or endnotes etc.įor spelling, use Webster's Third New International Dictionary or Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary for standard spelling references for all Chicago citations ( 7.1). Richardson argues, refers to, explains, hypothesizes, compares, concludes Īs Littlewood and Sherwin demonstrated, proved. To introduce other people's ideas in text, use the following examples: in the bibliography (at the end of your paper).

to inform the reader of your paper where they should look if they want to find the same sourcesĪ citation must appear in two places in your essay ( 14.9):.to identify other people's ideas and information used within your essay.The only exception is for common or easily verifiable knowledge ( 13.5). Arabic numerals are centered or flush right at the top of the page ( 2.38).Ĭite and document any sources that you have consulted, whether you are quoting directly or presenting ideas from these sources in your own words by summarizing or paraphrasing ( 13.3). (Explained further in Chicago's Q&A on documenting sources.)Įvery page of the paper must be assigned a page number, including blank pages, appendices, and bibliography. However, consult with your instructor for specific directions.įor coursework , the body of your paper must be double-spaced ( 2.8), and according to Turabian, the footnotes/endnotes must be single-spaced with a blank line between notes. Bibliographies follow this same spacing.

It is recommended practice to cite your sources in both the notes and the bibliography ( 14.2, 14.9). This guide covers the Notes and bibliography or Humanities style.įor the Author-date style, see the Social sciences/sciences system.

What is an endnote appendix